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Body cavities and their contents

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Human body Cavities Anatomical structures are often described in terms of the cavity in which they reside. The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes , sheaths and other structures that separates compartments. The  dorsal ( posterior) cavity and the ventral ( anterior) cavity are largest body compartments. These Cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. The lungs, heart, stomach , and intestines , for example can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby  organs. The ventral includes the  thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. BOdy CAVITIES 1. Ventral body cavity A. Thoracic cavity a. Right and left pleural cavities ( Each contains a lung )  b. Pericardial cavity ( contains heart ) B. Abdominopelvic or
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Tissues including membranes and glands: types

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Definition A tissue is a group of cells the Usally have a common original in an embryo and function  together to carry out specialized activities. Types of tissues The tissues of the consist of large numbers of cells and they are  classified according to the size, shape and functions of these cells. There are four main types of tissue that each have subdivisions . They are: ¹. Epithelial tissue ². Connective tissue ³. Muscular tissue 4. Nervous tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue It covers body surface and lines hollow organs. Body cavities and ducts. It is allows the body interact with internal and y environment. Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in single or multiple layers. Structure of Epithelial Tissue: Apical surface of an Epithelial cell faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen  of an internal organ recieves cell  secretion. The lateral surfaces of an Epithelial cell facing the adjacent cells on either side may contain tight junctions, d
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Functions of blood

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Blood has three main functions :  Transport, Protection and regulation. 1. Transport : blood transports the following substances: * Gases namely oxgen (O²) and carbon dioxide (CO²), between the lungs and rest of th  body. * Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to  rest of the body. * Waste products to detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys.  Hormones from the glands in which they are produced to their target cells. * Heat to the skin to regulate body temperature. 2. Protection : blood has several roles in inflammation: * Leukocytes or white blood cells, destroy invading  microorganisms and canncer cells. *  Antibodies and other proteine destroy pathogenic substances. * Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help to minimise blood loss. 3.  Regulation : blood helps to regulate: * pH by interacting with acids and bases. * Water balance by transferring  water to and from tissues.
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COMPOSITION AND FORMATION OF BLOOD

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COMPOSITION AND FORMATION OF BLOOD Introduction Blood is a fluid connective tissue which circulates continuously around the body allowing constant communication between tissues distant from each other. It is pumped by the heart that circulates throughout the body vio., The  arteries, veins and capillaries. The blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. All types of blood cells are derived from the bone marrow. Composition of Blood Total blood volume: 5-6 littles (8% of body weight or 80 ml/kg body weight) Specific gravity:1050-1060 Viscosity: 4-5 times that of water pH: 7.4±0.05; alkaline Formation of blood cells * The process of blood cells formation is called Haemopoiesis . * Blood cells are synthesized mainly in Red Bone Marrow . * Red bone marrow is a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabecular of spongy bone tissue. It chiefly present, in bones of the axial skeleton, pectoral an
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The cell: structure, reproduction and function (कोशिका: संरचना, प्रजनन और कार्य)

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Introduction The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all know living organisms.cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the " building blocks of life" the study of cells is called"cell biology". The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 A cell consists of a plasma membrane inside which are number of organelles suspended in a watery fluid called cytoplasm organelles, literally small organs have individual and highly specialised functions, and are often enclosed in their own membrane within the cytoplasm. 1• . cell Membrane: It is a protective  of cell body. Separates the fluid outside the cell cally extra cellular fluid and the fluid inside the cell intracellular fluid. It's structure is best discovered by fluid mosaic model. Structure : * Plasma membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules in which proteins are embedded *  Proteins make up to 60-70% of the dry weight of
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Body cavities (शारीरिक गड्डे)

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BODY CAVITIES A body cavities is fluid-filled space in multicellular organism other than those of vessels ( such as blood vessels and lymph vessels) .the term usually refers to the space located between an outer covering (epidermis),and the outer lining of the gut cavity internal organs develop. The cavities include: 1. Dorsal body cavity: a.   Cranial cavity:  Enclosed by the skull and contains the brain. b. Spinal canal: Enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. 2. Ventral body cavity:  a. Thoracic cavity: Enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heat. b. Abdominopelvic cavity: 1. Abdominal cavity: Enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 2. Pelvis cavity: Enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder ,anus and reproductive system. Translate: Hindi शारीरिक गड्डे  एक शरीर की गुहाएं वाहिकाओं (जैसे रक्त वाहिकाओं और लिम्फ वाहिकाओं) के अलावा बहुकोशिकीय जीव में द्रव से भरा स्थान है। यह शब्
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System and cavities of the human body

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Human body organ systems The human body is made up eleven organ systems that work with one another ( interdependantly ). These systems integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system,endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system and reproductive system, we will briefly discuss the major functions of each Organ system below. 1. Integumentary system :  ( Skin, hair, nails ) Forms the external body covering and protects  deeper tissue from injury. Houses cutaneous receptors, sweat glands, oil glands and synthesizes vitamin D. 2. Skeletal system : ( Bones, joints) supports and protects the Organ of the baby. Provides a framework to muscles ( movement ) .bones also store minerals and create blood cells. 3. Muscular system : ( Skeletal muscles ) Maintains posture and produces movement (locomotion ) produces heat. 4. Lymphatic system : (  red bone marrow,thymus, lymphatic vessels thoracic duct, spleen, lym
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